Security Engineering & Operations Topics
Operational security practices, secure systems implementation, threat modeling, penetration testing, vulnerability assessment, and security operations at production scale. Covers network security, endpoint security, secure architecture implementation, incident response mechanics, and security automation. Distinct from Security & Compliance (which addresses governance, compliance frameworks, and policy) and from Security Research & Innovation (which addresses novel techniques and research contributions).
Vulnerability Management and Infrastructure Hardening
Discuss processes and technical controls for identifying and remediating vulnerabilities and hardening infrastructure. Include vulnerability scanning for hosts containers and images, dependency and supply chain scanning, prioritization and triage of findings, patch management and staged rollouts, infrastructure as code scanning, configuration and baseline enforcement, penetration testing and red team remediation, runtime protection and monitoring, remediation tracking and metrics, and integration of security workflows into release and incident management.
Enterprise Cloud Security and Compliance
Designing enterprise grade cloud security and compliance architectures: network segmentation and reference topologies such as hub and spoke, virtual private cloud design, security groups and network access control lists, private connectivity options and virtual private networks, identity governance and scalable policy management, secrets and key management, encryption at rest and in transit, centralized logging and audit trails, threat detection and security monitoring, incident response and forensics, and embedding compliance controls for standards such as SOC two, HIPAA, and PCI DSS. Also includes applying common enterprise security patterns and evaluating trade offs between patterns in large organizations.
Secrets and Sensitive Data Management
Covers the practices, tools, and operational processes for securely storing, accessing, rotating, and protecting secrets and other sensitive data used by applications and infrastructure. Candidates should know centralized secret vaults such as HashiCorp Vault, Amazon Web Services Secrets Manager, Microsoft Azure Key Vault, and Google Secret Manager; strategies for automated and manual credential rotation including emergency rotation procedures; integration with continuous integration and continuous deployment pipelines and infrastructure as code; techniques to prevent secret leakage into source code repositories, logs, and monitoring systems; encryption of secrets at rest and in transit; application of least privilege and identity and access management roles for secret access; use of short lived and ephemeral credentials and service accounts as alternatives to long lived static credentials; audit logging, monitoring, and alerting for secret access and misuse; secret scanning, secure secret referencing patterns in code and templates, and operational plans for rotating credentials without downtime.
Cloud Identity and Access Management
Comprehensive coverage of identity and access management in cloud environments. Candidates should understand identity models and authentication and authorization patterns, design and implement role based access control and attribute based access control, author and scope policies, apply permission boundaries and the principle of least privilege, and manage service identities and workload identities for virtual machines, containers, and serverless functions. Topics include federated identity and single sign on, multi factor authentication, service accounts and cross account trust, ephemeral credentials and credential rotation, secrets and key management using vaults and hardware security modules, encryption key lifecycle, avoidance of hard coded credentials, policy as code and automation with infrastructure as code, auditing and access logging for detection and compliance, and integration with enterprise identity providers. Interview scenarios assess policy design, least privilege exercises, troubleshooting misconfigured permissions, and trade offs between cloud native managed services and custom solutions.
Cryptographic Key Management and Infrastructure
Designing, implementing, and operating systems that manage cryptographic keys and associated cryptographic infrastructure across the full lifecycle of keys and certificates. This includes secure key generation using validated entropy sources and randomness validation, key hierarchies and key derivation strategies, master key protection, algorithm selection and algorithm agility planning, and key migration strategies. It covers secure storage options and protections such as hardware security modules, cloud key management services and key vaults, encrypted and sealed storage patterns, and practical deployment considerations for both on premise and cloud environments. Access control and authorization patterns such as role based access control, separation of duties, and least privilege enforcement are essential, along with automated provisioning, rotation, retirement, and deprovisioning workflows. Operational topics include secure key distribution to services and devices, secure archival and destruction procedures, key escrow and recovery mechanisms, backup and disaster recovery for key material, incident response and handling of compromised keys, and audit logging and monitoring of key operations. Public key infrastructure and certificate lifecycle management are included, covering trust models, certificate issuance and renewal, revocation mechanisms and online status checking, and integration with identity and access management systems. Candidates should also address testing and validation approaches, cryptographic module attestation and tamper resistance, threat modeling and key compromise drills, standards and compliance considerations including guidance from the National Institute of Standards and Technology and other frameworks, scaling and performance trade offs for enterprise and internet scale deployments, and the balance between operational convenience, availability, and cryptographic assurance.
Network Segmentation and Security Architecture
Design and justify network architectures that use intentional segmentation and trust boundaries to protect assets and limit lateral movement. Candidates should demonstrate understanding of segmentation strategies such as demilitarized zones for internet facing services, separation of management and production networks, separation by trust level including guest and sensitive data zones, and isolation of production from non production environments. Implementation techniques include virtual local area networks and subnet design, routing and access control lists, firewall placement and firewall rule set design for physical and virtual firewalls, host based firewalls and microsegmentation for workload isolation, secure administrative access using bastion hosts and virtual private networks, proxies and reverse proxies, and network address translation considerations. The topic covers defense in depth principles applied across network, system, application, and data layers including intrusion detection and intrusion prevention systems, web application firewalls, endpoint hardening, data encryption at rest and in transit, and data loss prevention. Candidates should be able to design interzone traffic controls and firewall rules to control traffic between segments, explain zero trust architecture principles that verify every access request, and plan logging, monitoring, alerting, and incident response to detect and contain compromises. Include cloud and on premise considerations such as security groups, network policies for container orchestration platforms, hybrid and multicloud design patterns, compliance driven segmentation requirements, and trade offs between security, availability, performance, and operational complexity.
Enterprise Security Architecture and Framework Design
Designing comprehensive security architecture and enterprise scale security frameworks for large organizations. Topics include layered security and defense in depth applied at enterprise scale, zero trust and microsegmentation strategies, identity and access management at scale, network segmentation and secure network architecture, encryption strategies for data at rest and in transit, secrets and key management, audit logging and telemetry placement, incident response integration, backup and disaster recovery planning, and platform and infrastructure hardening. Candidates should demonstrate how to align security architecture with business goals, translate an architectural vision into a prioritized roadmap and governance model, reason about scalability and interoperability, justify trade offs between security and developer velocity, and design automation and orchestration to enable secure operations at scale.
Cloud Security Fundamentals
Core security principles and operational practices for cloud computing environments. Topics include the shared responsibility model and delineation of provider and customer responsibilities, identity and access management basics and least privilege, secure configuration and common cloud misconfigurations, data protection including encryption at rest and encryption in transit, key and secrets management basics, network security and segmentation, secure API design, audit logging, monitoring and alerting, cloud security posture management and automated misconfiguration detection, incident response and forensic readiness in cloud environments, governance, compliance and data residency considerations, strategies to reduce blast radius and prevent privilege escalation, and common cloud specific threats and mitigations. Candidates should be able to discuss trade offs, how to apply controls across major cloud providers, detection and mitigation strategies, and practical examples of securing cloud workloads.
Security Incident Response and Operations
Covers the practices, processes, and tooling for responding to security incidents and operating a security capability. Topics include the security incident lifecycle of preparation, detection, analysis, containment, eradication, recovery, and post incident review; development and execution of playbooks and runbooks tailored to threat types; severity classification and decision criteria for escalation; evidence preservation and forensic analysis and chain of custody; crisis communication to stakeholders and regulators; notification and regulatory compliance considerations; and coordination with legal, privacy, communications, and executive leadership. Also includes operational aspects of building and staffing a security operations center, on call schedules and escalation, ticketing and case management, leadership and coordination during major incidents, running blameless post incident reviews to identify systemic improvements, and integration of security incident learnings into engineering and operations.