Database Engineering & Data Systems Topics
Database design patterns, optimization, scaling strategies, storage technologies, data warehousing, and operational database management. Covers database selection criteria, query optimization, replication strategies, distributed databases, backup and recovery, and performance tuning at database layer. Distinct from Systems Architecture (which addresses service-level distribution) and Data Science (which addresses analytical approaches).
Replication, Partitioning, and Sharding
Scaling and distributing data across nodes: primary-replica and multi-primary replication, read-replica scaling, horizontal partitioning, and sharding strategies with their key-selection and rebalancing challenges. Covers replication lag, routing, and the operational cost of a partitioned topology. Key to designing databases that scale horizontally.
Storage Systems and Infrastructure
The physical and infrastructure layer beneath databases: disk and volume management, storage redundancy and RAID levels, storage services, and how storage architecture affects durability and performance. Covers matching storage configuration to reliability and throughput requirements. Serves infrastructure and systems roles that own the hardware substrate.
Database Performance Tuning and Scaling
System-level performance work beyond a single query: configuration and resource tuning, capacity planning, handling large data volumes, and scaling read and write throughput. Covers identifying bottlenecks, growth management, and the vertical-versus-horizontal scaling decision. Tests whether a candidate can keep a database healthy as load grows.
Caching and Connection Management
The layer between application and database: cache strategies (cache-aside, write-through, invalidation) for query results, connection pooling and lifecycle, and efficient application-to-database interaction. Covers reducing database load, avoiding pool exhaustion, and the consistency trade-offs caching introduces. Bridges application performance and database health.
Database Administration and Operations
Day-to-day operation of database systems: configuration and tuning, patching and upgrades, automation and scripting, standards and best practices, and capacity/growth management. Covers the responsibilities of keeping databases reliable, secure, and maintainable in production. The operational-ownership surface for DBA and platform roles.
Consistency Models and Distributed Databases
Data correctness across distributed systems: strong versus eventual consistency, the CAP and PACELC trade-offs, consensus and quorum reads/writes, and consistency-versus-availability decisions. Covers how distributed databases reconcile replicas and what guarantees applications can rely on. A staple of distributed-systems and architecture interviews.