Technical Fundamentals & Core Skills Topics
Core technical concepts including algorithms, data structures, statistics, cryptography, and hardware-software integration. Covers foundational knowledge required for technical roles and advanced technical depth.
Problem Solving and Scenario Analysis
Candidates are expected to demonstrate a systematic, structured approach to analyzing and resolving technical and operational scenarios. This includes clarifying the problem statement, eliciting requirements, constraints, and assumptions, and identifying missing information or ambiguous areas. Candidates should decompose complex problems into logical components, prioritize tasks or evidence, generate solution options, and perform trade off evaluation that balances impact, feasibility, and risk. Core skills assessed include root cause analysis, incident diagnosis and forensic investigation, and evaluation of technical customer scenarios such as large scale migrations. Candidates should reason about data consistency and concurrency, security and authentication concerns, and payment and transaction flows when relevant. They should design test cases and acceptance criteria, propose instrumentation and monitoring for verification and observability, and identify opportunities for automation and operationalization. Clear communication of the recommended approach, expected outcomes, and the rationale for choices, including when to use a programming solution versus a query based approach, is essential.
Data Structures and Complexity
Comprehensive coverage of fundamental data structures, their operations, implementation trade offs, and algorithmic uses. Candidates should know arrays and strings including dynamic array amortized behavior and memory layout differences, linked lists, stacks, queues, hash tables and collision handling, sets, trees including binary search trees and balanced trees, tries, heaps as priority queues, and graph representations such as adjacency lists and adjacency matrices. Understand typical operations and costs for access, insertion, deletion, lookup, and traversal and be able to analyze asymptotic time and auxiliary space complexity using Big O notation including constant, logarithmic, linear, linearithmic, quadratic, and exponential classes as well as average case, worst case, and amortized behaviors. Be able to read code or pseudocode and derive time and space complexity, identify performance bottlenecks, and propose alternative data structures or algorithmic approaches to improve performance. Know common algorithmic patterns that interact with these structures such as traversal strategies, searching and sorting, two pointer and sliding window techniques, divide and conquer, recursion, dynamic programming, greedy methods, and priority processing, and when to combine structures for efficiency for example using a heap with a hash map for index tracking. Implementation focused skills include writing or partially implementing core operations, discussing language specific considerations such as contiguous versus non contiguous memory and pointer or manual memory management when applicable, and explaining space time trade offs and cache or memory behavior. Interview expectations vary by level from selecting and implementing appropriate structures for routine problems at junior levels to optimizing naive solutions, designing custom structures for constraints, and reasoning about amortized, average case, and concurrency implications at senior levels.
Problem Solving and Analytical Thinking
Evaluates a candidate's systematic and logical approach to unfamiliar, ambiguous, or complex problems across technical, product, business, security, and operational contexts. Candidates should be able to clarify objectives and constraints, ask effective clarifying questions, decompose problems into smaller components, identify root causes, form and test hypotheses, and enumerate and compare multiple solution options. Interviewers look for clear reasoning about trade offs and edge cases, avoidance of premature conclusions, use of repeatable frameworks or methodologies, prioritization of investigations, design of safe experiments and measurement of outcomes, iteration based on feedback, validation of fixes, documentation of results, and conversion of lessons learned into process improvements. Responses should clearly communicate the thought process, justify choices, surface assumptions and failure modes, and demonstrate learning from prior problem solving experiences.
Algorithmic Problem Solving
Evaluates ability to decompose computational problems, design correct and efficient algorithms, reason about complexity, and consider edge cases and correctness. Expectation includes translating problem statements into data structures and algorithmic steps, justifying choices of approach, analyzing time and space complexity, optimizing for constraints, and producing test cases and proofs of correctness or invariants. This topic covers common algorithmic techniques such as sorting, searching, recursion, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, graph traversal, and trade offs between readability, performance, and maintainability.