Fault Tolerance and Failure Scenarios Questions

import random
from typing import Optional

def next_delay(attempt: int, base: float = 0.1, max_delay: float = 10.0, seed: Optional[int] = None) -> float:
    """
    Return next retry delay using exponential backoff with full jitter.
    Delay is in [0, min(max_delay, base * 2**attempt)].
    If seed is given, result is deterministic; uses seed + attempt to vary per attempt reproducibly.
    """
    if attempt < 0:
        raise ValueError("attempt must be non-negative")
    if base < 0 or max_delay < 0:
        raise ValueError("base and max_delay must be non-negative")

    cap = min(max_delay, base * (2 ** attempt))
    if seed is None:
        return random.random() * cap
    # deterministic per-attempt: use a local RNG so global state unaffected
    rng = random.Random(seed + attempt)
    return rng.random() * cap